Conditions

Acral Lick Dermatitis

Acral lick dermatitis, also known as lick granuloma, develops when dogs persistently lick a specific area—usually on a lower leg—creating a thickened, often ulcerated lesion, with the behaviour typically reflecting an interplay of physical discomfort, psychological factors, and self-perpetuating habit.

Anxiety Disorders in Cats

Anxiety in cats describes a state in which the animal anticipates threat or discomfort in situations that may not pose immediate danger. It can show itself in patterns of hiding, excessive vigilance, changes in appetite or grooming, avoidance of people or places, or behaviours such as inappropriate elimination or destructive scratching. For some cats these patterns emerge in response to identifiable triggers — a new environment, building work, changes in household routine — while in others the signs appear more diffuse or persistent. Owners often arrive at this topic after noticing that their cat seems unsettled, withdrawn, or is behaving in ways that feel out of character. The challenge lies in distinguishing anxiety from medical illness, pain, or normal feline responses to change, since the outward signs can overlap considerably. This page explores the signals that may suggest anxiety, the factors that contribute to it, the way it is assessed in clinical practice, and the range of environmental, behavioural, and medical approaches that exist to address it. The aim is to help you understand what may be happening and what options are available, not to diagnose or direct.

Canine Cognitive Dysfunction

An age-related condition affecting brain function in older dogs, leading to changes in memory, awareness, and learned behaviours.

Compulsive Behaviour in Dogs

A behavioural condition involving repetitive actions performed out of context that may reflect underlying stress, frustration, or neurological factors.

Epilepsy in Cats

Epilepsy describes a pattern of recurring seizures that arise from abnormal electrical activity in the brain. A seizure may appear as a sudden collapse with paddling limbs and loss of awareness, or as something more subtle—repeated twitching, staring into space, or unusual repetitive movements. Between episodes, many cats appear entirely normal. Owners often arrive at this page having witnessed a frightening event, or after noticing episodes that seem to come and go without obvious cause. Epilepsy in cats is less common than in dogs, and the underlying reasons vary; in some cases no structural cause is found, while in others seizures reflect disease elsewhere in the brain or body. This page explores what seizures can look like, what may be happening beneath the surface, how the pattern is investigated, and the approaches that exist to reduce their frequency and severity. The aim is to help you understand the territory, not to diagnose what your own cat is experiencing.

Epilepsy in Dogs

A neurological condition characterised by recurrent seizures, where diagnosis and management depend on tracking patterns over time.

Feline Cognitive Dysfunction

An age-related decline in brain function in older cats, affecting spatial awareness, social behaviour, and established routines.

Noise Phobia in Dogs

A behavioural condition involving intense fear responses to sounds such as thunder, fireworks, or other loud noises.

Noise Phobias

Noise phobias involve intense fear responses to sounds such as fireworks, thunder, or household noises, often causing significant distress and behavioural changes in affected dogs.

Pseudopregnancy (False Pregnancy)

Pseudopregnancy, or false pregnancy, occurs when hormonal changes in unspayed female dogs trigger physical and behavioural signs mimicking pregnancy and nursing, despite no mating having occurred.

Separation Anxiety in Dogs

A behavioural condition where dogs experience distress when separated from their owners, expressed through vocalisation, destruction, or elimination.

Vestibular Disease

Vestibular disease describes a disruption to the system that helps dogs and cats maintain balance, coordinate eye movements, and orient themselves in space. When this system is affected, animals may suddenly appear profoundly unsteady — as though the world has tilted beneath them. Owners often describe a head tilt, circling, loss of coordination, or eyes that flick rhythmically from side to side. The outward signs can look dramatic, but the underlying causes range widely. The vestibular system has components in both the inner ear and the brainstem, and problems can arise in either location. Some cases resolve on their own within days to weeks; others reflect conditions that require investigation and longer-term management. This page explores what vestibular signs may indicate, how the anatomy of balance works, what investigations can help clarify the picture, and the range of approaches used depending on what is found. The goal is to help you understand what you may be observing and what questions the clinical picture raises.

Acute Moist Dermatitis (Hot Spots)

Acute moist dermatitis describes areas of skin that become inflamed, moist, and raw very quickly — often within hours. These patches are sometimes called hot spots because they can feel warm to the touch and tend to appear suddenly, usually after scratching, licking, or rubbing at one area. The skin breaks down rapidly, producing a wet, matted surface that may smell unpleasant and can be painful. Owners often notice their dog is bothering a single spot obsessively, and by the time the fur is parted, the skin underneath is already red, weeping, and often larger than expected. This pattern is more common in dogs with thick or double coats, in warm weather, or after swimming or bathing. Cats can develop similar lesions, though this occurs less frequently. This page explores what signs may suggest acute moist dermatitis, what processes beneath the skin drive the rapid progression, how the condition is distinguished from other causes of inflamed skin, and what approaches exist to manage both the immediate lesion and any underlying trigger.

Alabama Rot (CRGV)

Cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV), commonly known as Alabama rot, is a rare but serious condition causing skin lesions and kidney damage, with cases primarily reported in the UK during wet winter months.

Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs

A chronic inflammatory skin condition driven by immune hypersensitivity to environmental allergens, causing recurring itch and discomfort.

Canine Parvovirus

Canine parvovirus is a viral infection that spreads quickly between dogs and targets rapidly dividing cells — particularly those lining the intestines and, in very young puppies, sometimes the heart muscle. The virus causes severe damage to the gut lining, which leads to profuse, often bloody diarrhoea, vomiting, and rapid deterioration. It tends to affect unvaccinated puppies and young dogs most severely, though dogs of any age without immunity can become unwell. Owners often arrive at this page because their dog has developed sudden, watery or bloody diarrhoea alongside vomiting, lethargy, and loss of appetite — sometimes within a day or two of seeming entirely well. The illness can progress quickly, and the distinctive smell and appearance of the diarrhoea may prompt concern about parvovirus specifically. Some will be weighing up early signs in a new puppy, while others may be trying to understand a diagnosis that has just been made. This page explores what canine parvovirus looks like in practice, what happens inside the body during infection, how the condition is identified, and the range of approaches used to support affected dogs through the illness. It also considers prevention, prognosis, and the factors that influence outcome.

Chronic Bronchitis in Dogs

Chronic bronchitis in dogs describes persistent inflammation of the airways in the lungs—the branching tubes that carry air in and out. Over time, this inflammation thickens the airway walls and triggers the production of excess mucus, which narrows the space available for airflow. The result is a long-lasting cough that tends to be dry and hacking, often worse after excitement, exercise, or pressure on the throat from a collar. Many owners first notice the cough during or after walks, or when the dog is settling down at night. It can sound harsh or honking, and may be mistaken for something stuck in the throat. The cough typically persists for weeks or months, and while the dog may otherwise appear well, the pattern tends to continue or recur rather than resolve on its own. This page explores what chronic bronchitis looks like in practice, what may be happening in the airways, how it is investigated and distinguished from other causes of coughing, and the approaches that exist to manage inflammation and support breathing over time.

Chronic Upper Respiratory Disease in Cats

Chronic upper respiratory disease in cats describes a pattern in which signs affecting the nose, throat, and airways persist or recur over weeks to months, rather than resolving within the usual timeframe of an acute infection. Owners often notice ongoing sneezing, nasal discharge, noisy breathing, or intermittent flare-ups that seem to settle and then return. The underlying picture can involve lingering viral activity, secondary bacterial involvement, structural changes to the delicate tissues of the nasal passages, or a combination of these. Cats with this pattern may have a history of early or severe respiratory infection—often as kittens—or may have developed symptoms more gradually over time. The day-to-day experience varies widely: some cats live comfortably with mild, occasional signs, while others experience more persistent disruption to breathing, appetite, or quality of life. This page explores what owners may observe, the biological and infectious processes that can sustain these signs, the ways the condition is investigated, and the range of approaches used to manage symptoms and support long-term comfort.

Demodectic Mange

Demodectic mange is a skin condition that develops when microscopic mites, which live in small numbers in the hair follicles of most healthy dogs, begin to multiply beyond the point the immune system can regulate. The mites themselves—Demodex—are typically present from early life and cause no trouble, but when the population expands unchecked, inflammation and hair loss follow. Owners often first notice small patches of thinning fur, particularly around the face, eyes or front legs, sometimes accompanied by reddened or flaky skin. In young dogs, this may appear as the animal matures; in older dogs, it can emerge alongside other illness. The pattern and extent vary widely—from a few localised areas that may resolve without intervention, to more widespread involvement that persists or worsens. This page explores what signs tend to appear, what influences whether the condition stays limited or spreads, how the diagnosis is confirmed, and what treatment approaches exist. It also examines the distinction between cases that remain confined to one or two areas and those that become generalised, as the outlook and management differ considerably between the two.

Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)

Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and sometimes claws. The fungi involved—most often a species called Microsporum canis in dogs and cats—live on and digest keratin, the structural protein that makes up the outer layers of skin and the shaft of each hair. This can lead to patchy hair loss, scaling, and sometimes reddened or crusted skin, though the appearance varies widely between individuals. Many owners arrive here after noticing circular areas of thinning fur, broken hairs, or flaky skin, often on the face, ears, or paws. The name "ringworm" refers to the round shape these patches can take, though not every case looks this way, and the infection is caused by a fungus, not a worm. Young animals, those in multi-pet households, and those with other health pressures tend to show signs more readily, though healthy adults can carry the organism without visible change. This page explores what dermatophytosis may look like in practice, how the infection establishes itself and spreads, the ways it can be identified in the clinic, and the range of approaches used to manage it in the home and environment.

Ear Mites

Ear mites are tiny parasites that live on the surface of the skin inside the ear canal, feeding on debris and oils. They are most common in young animals and in settings where animals live in close contact, though any dog or cat can acquire them. The mites themselves are not usually visible without magnification, but they tend to trigger irritation and a characteristic dark, crumbly discharge. Many owners notice their pet shaking their head, scratching at the ears, or holding one ear at an unusual angle. The inside of the ear may look dirty or inflamed, and there may be an odour. In some animals the signs are mild; in others the irritation can be considerable. Not every itchy ear is caused by mites, and not every case of ear mites causes dramatic signs. This page explores what ear mites look like in practice, how they are identified, what else can cause similar signs, and the range of approaches used to address them. It also considers what happens when mites are left in place, and how transmission between animals is understood.

Feline Asthma

A chronic inflammatory condition of the airways in cats that causes breathing difficulty, wheezing, and coughing episodes.

Feline Calicivirus

Feline calicivirus is a common cause of respiratory infection and oral ulceration in cats, with strains varying in severity from mild disease to rare but serious systemic illness.

Feline Herpesvirus (FHV-1)

Feline herpesvirus type 1 is one of the primary causes of upper respiratory infection in cats, characterised by sneezing, nasal discharge, and eye problems, with most infected cats becoming lifelong carriers.

Feline Idiopathic Cystitis

A stress-related inflammatory condition of the bladder in cats that causes urinary discomfort without an identifiable infectious cause.

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

Feline immunodeficiency virus is a persistent viral infection that affects the immune system of cats. The virus targets and gradually depletes certain white blood cells that normally coordinate the body's defence against infection, leaving affected cats more vulnerable to illnesses they would typically resist. Many cats live with FIV for years without outward signs, and the infection is often discovered incidentally during routine testing rather than because an owner has noticed something wrong. When signs do appear, they tend to be subtle and non-specific at first—weight loss that develops slowly, a coat that looks less well-kept, gums that seem inflamed, or infections that recur or linger longer than expected. Because the virus itself does not cause a single recognisable illness, owners often arrive at this page wondering whether a pattern of minor health issues, or a positive test result, might be connected to FIV. This page explores what FIV infection can look like over time, how the virus affects the immune system, how infection is confirmed, and the range of approaches used to support cats living with the virus. It also considers what is known about transmission, lifespan, and quality of life in infected cats.

Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)

Feline leukaemia virus is a retrovirus that can infect cats through close contact—typically via saliva during grooming, sharing food bowls, or through bite wounds. Once inside the body, the virus may be cleared by the immune system, may persist at low levels without causing illness, or may establish a progressive infection that weakens immunity over time. The outcome often depends on factors such as the cat's age at exposure, the strength of their immune response, and the amount of virus encountered. Owners often arrive on this page after a routine blood test has detected the virus, or because their cat has developed signs that may include recurrent infections, poor coat condition, weight loss, pale gums, or general lethargy. In some cases, cats can carry the virus for months or years without obvious illness, while others may develop problems relatively soon after infection. The virus itself does not cause one single disease; rather, it can lead to a range of complications by compromising the immune system or affecting bone marrow function. This page explores what FeLV infection can look like in practice, the mechanisms by which the virus affects the body, how infection is confirmed and monitored, and the range of approaches used to support affected cats. The focus is on understanding what may be happening and what options exist, rather than prescribing a single path forward.

Feline Stomatitis

Feline stomatitis is a condition in which the soft tissues inside a cat's mouth become severely inflamed. The inflammation typically extends well beyond the gums — often affecting the back of the mouth, the throat, and the surfaces where the cheeks meet the teeth. The immune system appears to mount an exaggerated response to bacteria or other triggers in the mouth, and the result is persistent, often painful inflammation that does not resolve on its own. Owners most commonly notice difficulty eating, drooling, a reluctance to groom, or a change in behaviour around mealtimes. Some cats paw at their mouths or withdraw when their face is touched. Weight loss and a foul odour from the mouth are also frequently observed. The signs tend to persist or worsen over time, and many owners arrive at this page after earlier treatments for dental disease have not brought lasting relief. This page explores what stomatitis may look like in day-to-day life, what is understood about the underlying immune dysfunction, how the condition is investigated and distinguished from other causes of mouth pain, and the range of approaches that exist — from medical management to more definitive surgical intervention. Each approach carries its own profile of response, duration, and trade-offs.

Flea Allergy Dermatitis

Flea allergy dermatitis describes a pattern of skin inflammation that occurs when a dog or cat becomes allergic to proteins in flea saliva. The reaction is out of proportion to the bite itself—a single flea can trigger intense itching and skin damage in an allergic animal, even when no fleas are visible to the owner. The allergy develops over time, often after repeated exposure, and tends to persist once established. Owners often notice intense scratching, biting at the lower back and tail base, hair loss, or small crusted bumps on the skin. The signs can appear suddenly and may seem severe relative to the number of fleas found. In cats, the skin changes can take different forms, including small scabs across the body or thinning fur from over-grooming. The condition is common in temperate climates and can occur at any age, though it typically begins in younger adult animals. This page explores what flea allergy dermatitis can look like in dogs and cats, what drives the immune response, how the condition is investigated, and the range of approaches used to manage it—including flea control, itch relief, and strategies to reduce allergic flare-ups over time.

Food Allergy in Dogs

A food allergy in dogs describes an immune response to a protein in the diet—most often something the dog has been eating without trouble for weeks or months. The immune system begins to treat that protein as a threat, and the body's reaction tends to show itself through the skin, the gut, or both. It is one of several reasons a dog may become itchy or develop digestive signs, and it can look identical to other conditions at first glance. Owners often arrive here because their dog has been scratching persistently, licking at paws or flanks, developing ear inflammation that returns after treatment, or experiencing recurring soft stools or vomiting. The pattern may feel puzzling because the food has not changed, or because the signs have appeared gradually. Some dogs show skin changes alone, others digestive signs alone, and some experience both. This page explores what food allergy can look like when it first appears, what is happening beneath those signs, how it is investigated through diet trials and observation, and the range of approaches used to manage it long term. The aim is to help you recognise the shape of the condition and understand the reasoning behind the strategies your vet may discuss.

Heartworm Disease in Dogs

Heartworm disease is an infection caused by a parasitic worm (Dirofilaria immitis) that, once mature, lives in the large blood vessels of the lungs and, in advanced cases, the heart itself. The worms are transmitted by mosquitoes, and it can take many months after a bite for the parasite to develop into its adult form. In the UK, heartworm is uncommon in dogs that have not travelled abroad, but it is widespread in parts of southern Europe and other warmer regions. Many dogs with heartworm show no outward signs for a long time. When signs do appear, they often relate to the heart and lungs—coughing, tiring more easily on walks, or changes in breathing. In some cases, the first sign is an unexpected finding during routine screening or investigation for something else. The severity of signs tends to reflect how many worms are present and how long the infection has been established. This page explores what heartworm infection can look like in day-to-day life, what happens inside the body as the parasite matures, how the condition is identified through testing and imaging, and the range of approaches used to manage it. It also describes prevention strategies, which are particularly relevant for dogs travelling to or living in regions where heartworm is endemic.

Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis

Immune-mediated polyarthritis describes a pattern in which the body's immune system generates inflammation inside multiple joints. The inflammation is not triggered by infection or injury in the usual sense, but by immune activity that has, for reasons often unclear, begun to target the joint tissues themselves. The result is pain, stiffness, and swelling that can appear quite suddenly or build over days. Owners often notice reluctance to move, a stiff or shifting gait, or a dog who seems uncomfortable when rising or navigating stairs. Cats may withdraw, spend more time resting, or show subtle changes in how they land or walk. The pattern can affect several joints at once, and the signs may come and go or persist. In some cases, there is a recognisable trigger—an infection elsewhere, a drug, or another immune condition—but in many, the cause remains uncertain. This page explores what these signs can indicate, what may be happening beneath the surface, how the condition is investigated through examination and joint fluid analysis, and the range of approaches used to manage immune-driven joint inflammation over time.

Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)

Infectious tracheobronchitis is an inflammation of the windpipe and airways caused by a combination of viruses and bacteria that spread easily between dogs in shared spaces. The hallmark is a persistent, dry, hacking cough that can sound harsh or honking, often triggered by excitement, exercise, or pressure on the throat. Many dogs remain otherwise well—eating, playing, and behaving normally—though some develop a softer cough with mucus, reduced energy, or a slight fever. Owners often arrive at this page after noticing a sudden-onset cough following recent contact with other dogs at kennels, parks, grooming salons, or training classes. The cough may be alarming in its intensity, but the dog's overall demeanour tends to be reassuring. In a smaller number of cases, particularly in young puppies, older dogs, or those with other health considerations, the infection can extend deeper into the lungs. This page explores what infectious tracheobronchitis looks like in practice, the organisms involved and how they interact, the way cases are assessed and investigated, and the range of approaches used to support recovery and limit spread. It also considers when signs may warrant closer attention and what influences the course and outcome in different animals.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats

A chronic condition involving inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that affects digestion, appetite, and nutrient absorption in cats.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs

A chronic gastrointestinal condition involving persistent inflammation of the digestive tract that affects nutrient absorption and comfort.

Kennel Cough in Dogs

Kennel cough describes a harsh, distinctive cough that develops when the upper airways—the trachea and larynx—become inflamed, often after contact with other dogs. The inflammation can be triggered by a range of infectious agents, sometimes several at once, and tends to appear a few days after exposure in places where dogs congregate. The cough itself is typically dry and forceful, sometimes described as honking or as though something is caught in the throat, and it may be the only sign an owner notices. Many dogs remain bright and eating normally throughout, while others develop a softer cough, nasal discharge, or a period of reduced appetite. The intensity and duration can vary considerably depending on which pathogens are involved, the dog's age and vaccination history, and whether complications develop. Puppies, older dogs, and those with existing airway or immune conditions may experience a more pronounced or prolonged course. This page explores what kennel cough looks like in practice, the infectious agents and immune responses that underlie it, how veterinary surgeons distinguish it from other causes of coughing, and the range of approaches used to support dogs through the illness. It also considers when the clinical picture suggests a need for closer monitoring or investigation.

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (Dry Eye)

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca describes what happens when the tear glands produce too little of the watery layer that normally keeps the eye moist. Without enough tears, the surface of the eye becomes dry and inflamed, and the body often compensates with a thick, sticky discharge that can look quite different from healthy tearing. The condition tends to develop gradually, though in some cases it appears more suddenly. Owners often notice a change in the appearance of the eye itself — a dull or cloudy look to the surface, discharge that is yellow or green rather than clear, redness, squinting, or a sense that the eye looks uncomfortable. Some arrive wondering about recurring 'eye infections' that never quite clear, or about one eye that looks different from the other. The signs can wax and wane early on, which sometimes delays recognition. This page explores what dry eye can look like in its different stages, what drives the loss of tear production, how the diagnosis is made, and the range of approaches used to manage it over time. The aim is to help you understand what may be happening and what shape that management might take.

Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is an infection caused by bacteria of the Leptospira group, which can affect multiple organs in dogs and, more rarely, cats. The bacteria are typically spread through contact with contaminated water or soil, often where infected wildlife has urinated. In many cases the infection produces mild signs or none at all, but in others it can lead to serious illness affecting the kidneys, liver, lungs, or other systems. Owners may notice a range of signs — from lethargy, reduced appetite, and fever in milder cases, to vomiting, increased thirst, jaundice, or difficulty breathing in more severe presentations. The picture varies considerably depending on which organs are involved and how the individual animal responds. Some dogs are diagnosed after routine blood tests show changes in kidney or liver function, even before obvious signs appear. This page explores the signs that may prompt concern, what is happening inside the body during infection, how leptospirosis is investigated through blood tests and other tools, and the approaches used to support affected animals. It also considers prevention, including vaccination, and the broader context of risk in different environments.

Lymphoma in Cats

Lymphoma is a cancer that arises from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that ordinarily helps protect the body from infection. In cats, these cells can begin to multiply uncontrollably in lymph nodes, the digestive tract, the chest, the kidneys, the nose, the eyes, the skin, or the nervous system. The disease can appear in many forms, and the signs an owner notices often depend on which part of the body is most affected. An owner may observe weight loss, reduced appetite, vomiting, diarrhoea, difficulty breathing, a lump under the jaw or behind the knee, or changes in behaviour. Sometimes a cat appears generally unwell without an obvious focal problem. Because lymphoma can involve almost any organ, the pattern of signs varies widely, and the route to investigation often begins with bloodwork, imaging, or sampling tissue from an affected site. This page explores what lymphoma can look like in its different forms, what may be happening inside the body, how the diagnosis is typically reached, and the range of approaches that exist—including chemotherapy, palliative care, and monitoring. The course and response can differ considerably depending on the type and location of disease.

Lymphoma in Dogs

A cancer of the lymphatic system that can present in multiple forms and locations, affecting organ function and wellbeing.

Malassezia Dermatitis

Malassezia dermatitis occurs when a yeast that normally lives in small numbers on the skin begins to overgrow, often in response to changes in the skin's environment or defences. The yeast itself is not an invader—it is part of the usual population of microbes found on most dogs and cats—but when conditions shift, it can multiply and trigger inflammation, odour, and discomfort. Owners often notice a distinctive sweet or musty smell, particularly around the ears, paws, or skin folds, along with redness, greasiness, or persistent scratching. The signs can develop gradually or appear after changes in weather, bathing routines, or alongside other skin conditions. What looks like a straightforward infection may be the visible part of a more complex shift in the skin's balance. This page explores the signals that suggest Malassezia overgrowth, the factors that can tip the skin's ecosystem out of balance, how the condition is confirmed, and the range of approaches used to bring the yeast population back under control and address any underlying contributors.

Otitis Externa in Cats

Otitis externa refers to inflammation of the ear canal — the tube that leads from the outside world down to the eardrum. In cats, this often begins when something disrupts the normal environment of the canal, allowing irritation, infection, or overgrowth of organisms that would ordinarily live there in small numbers without causing trouble. Owners typically notice head shaking, ear scratching, or a change in what they see or smell when they look inside the ear — perhaps discharge, redness, or an unfamiliar odour. Some cats hold the affected ear slightly lower or seem uncomfortable when the area is touched. The presentation can range from mild and intermittent to more persistent, and the underlying cause is not always obvious from the outside. This page explores what you may observe, what tends to be happening beneath those signs, how the condition is investigated, and the range of approaches used to address both the inflammation itself and whatever is driving it.

Otitis Externa in Dogs

Inflammation of the external ear canal, often involving bacterial or yeast overgrowth, that causes discomfort, discharge, and changes in ear-related behaviour.

Pemphigus

Pemphigus encompasses a group of autoimmune skin diseases where the immune system attacks the connections between skin cells, causing blistering, crusting, and erosions, with pemphigus foliaceus being the most common form in dogs and cats.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia involves inflammation and infection of the lungs, arising from bacterial, viral, or aspirated material, and presenting with respiratory distress and general illness.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia describes inflammation within the lungs themselves — specifically in the small air sacs where oxygen enters the bloodstream. That inflammation can arise from infection (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic), from inhaled material such as food or vomit, or from other processes that injure lung tissue. The result is tissue that becomes swollen, filled with fluid or debris, and less able to exchange oxygen efficiently. Owners often notice coughing, faster or more effortful breathing, reduced energy, or loss of appetite. Sometimes a fever is present; sometimes the signs are subtle at first and build gradually. The picture depends on what triggered the inflammation, how much of the lung is involved, and how quickly it developed. This page explores what pneumonia can look like from the outside, the mechanisms that lead to lung inflammation, how veterinary teams investigate it, and the range of approaches used to support recovery. It does not diagnose; it orients you to the possibilities and the questions worth exploring.

Pyoderma

Pyoderma describes bacterial infection of the skin. It develops when bacteria — most often those that live harmlessly on the surface in healthy animals — multiply within the layers of the skin itself, triggering inflammation and damage. The infection can be confined to the very surface, or it can extend deeper into the tissue. Owners often notice redness, small raised bumps, crusting, or circular patches where the hair has thinned or fallen away. Some dogs develop a distinctive smell, or the skin may feel warm or thickened in affected areas. Itching is common, though not always present. The pattern and extent can vary widely, from a few isolated spots to large areas of the body. This page explores what pyoderma can look like in different forms, what tends to lie beneath it — including factors that allow bacteria to take hold — and how it is investigated and approached. The aim is to help you understand what may be happening when skin infection is part of the picture.

Pyoderma in Dogs

Pyoderma refers to a bacterial infection of the skin. In dogs, this typically means that bacteria — most often Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, a normal resident of canine skin — have multiplied beyond their usual numbers and triggered inflammation. The infection can be confined to the surface, or it can extend deeper into the layers of the skin. Owners often notice red patches, small raised bumps, crusts, or areas where the hair has thinned or fallen away. Some dogs develop circular lesions with a darker centre, while others show moist, weeping spots or an unpleasant odour. Itching is common, though not always present. Pyoderma can appear anywhere on the body, and it may occur on its own or as part of a broader skin problem. This page explores what pyoderma can look like in different forms, what tends to lie underneath it, how it is investigated, and what approaches exist to address both the infection and any contributing factors. The aim is to help you recognise patterns and understand the questions that shape the clinical picture.

Pyometra

Pyometra is a condition in which the uterus fills with pus, typically in the weeks following a season. It arises when hormonal changes after ovulation create an environment in which bacteria can multiply unchecked within the uterine lining. The condition occurs almost exclusively in unspayed female dogs and cats, and tends to appear in middle-aged or older animals, though younger individuals can be affected. Owners often notice a combination of signs that may include drinking more than usual, lethargy, reduced appetite, or—in some cases—a thick discharge from the vulva. In other animals the cervix remains closed and no discharge is visible, which can make the picture less clear. The abdomen may appear distended, and some animals develop vomiting or seem generally unwell in ways that are difficult to pinpoint. This page explores what can signal pyometra, the mechanisms that allow infection to take hold, how the condition is investigated through examination and imaging, and the medical and surgical approaches used to address it. It also considers what influences outcomes and what owners may observe during recovery.

Sarcoptic Mange

Sarcoptic mange is a condition in which microscopic mites burrow into the outer layers of the skin, triggering intense itching and inflammation. The mites themselves are not visible to the eye, but the body's reaction to them often is — many owners first notice scratching that seems relentless, hair loss in patches, and skin that may appear red, thickened, or crusted. The itch tends to be severe enough that it disrupts rest and daily life. Because the mites can spread between animals and sometimes cause temporary irritation in people, owners may also be navigating questions about other pets in the household or mild skin changes they have noticed themselves. The signs can sometimes resemble other skin conditions, which is why the path to clarity often involves specific testing. This page explores what sarcoptic mange may look like when it first appears, what is happening beneath the skin, how the condition is identified, and the range of approaches used to address it. The aim is to help you understand the patterns, the questions that guide investigation, and the timeframes involved.

Sebaceous Adenitis

Sebaceous adenitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the sebaceous glands in the skin — the small structures that produce oils to keep the coat and skin supple. In this condition, the body's immune system appears to target these glands, leading to their gradual destruction. The result is skin that becomes dry, scaly, and less able to maintain its normal protective barrier. Owners often notice changes in coat quality first: the fur may become dull, brittle, or matted, with white or silver scales clinging to the hair shafts, particularly along the back, head, and ears. Some dogs develop patchy hair loss, a musty odour, or areas where the skin feels thickened. The pattern and severity vary considerably between individuals, and in some cases the changes are subtle and slow to develop. This page explores what sebaceous adenitis may look like in practice, the processes thought to drive it, how veterinary surgeons investigate and confirm it, and the range of approaches used to manage skin health over time.

Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis (SRMA)

Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis is an inflammatory condition in which the body's immune system targets the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and the blood vessels that supply them. It occurs most often in young adult dogs, and certain breeds — including Beagles, Boxers, and Bernese Mountain Dogs — are seen more frequently than others. The inflammation tends to develop over hours to days, and can recur in waves even after treatment has begun. Owners often arrive at this page because their dog has developed neck pain that makes them reluctant to lower their head, along with fever and a general sense of being unwell. Some dogs also show stiffness, a hunched posture, or reduced appetite. The signs can look similar to other causes of neck pain or systemic illness, which is why the underlying cause needs to be identified through testing. This page explores what signs may be observed, what is happening in the nervous system and blood vessels, how the condition is investigated through blood tests and analysis of spinal fluid, and what approaches exist to manage the inflammation and reduce the chance of recurrence.

Stomatitis in Cats

Stomatitis in cats describes widespread inflammation inside the mouth—often affecting the gums, the tissue at the back of the throat, and sometimes the tongue or cheeks. The inflammation tends to be severe, persistent, and painful, though the degree can vary. It is not a single disease with a single cause; rather, it reflects an exaggerated immune response to triggers that may include bacteria in dental plaque, viruses, or other factors that are not always identified. Owners often notice changes in eating behaviour—reluctance to chew, dropping food, preference for softer textures, or stepping back from the bowl. There may be drooling, pawing at the mouth, or a noticeable odour. Some cats become quieter or more withdrawn. The inside of the mouth, when visible, may appear red, swollen, or ulcerated, though many cats resist examination. This page explores the signs that may be observed, the processes thought to drive the inflammation, the ways the condition is investigated, and the range of approaches used to manage it. The course and response vary widely between individuals.

Triaditis in Cats

Triaditis describes a pattern in which three neighbouring organs in a cat's abdomen—the pancreas, the liver and its bile ducts, and the small intestine—become inflamed at the same time. The anatomy in cats means these structures sit very close together and share connections, so inflammation beginning in one area can spread to involve the others. It is one of the reasons a cat may show signs that seem vague or difficult to pinpoint. Owners often notice a cat becoming quieter, eating less, or losing weight over weeks to months, though some cats show more sudden changes. Vomiting and a tucked or uncomfortable posture are common, but the signs can be subtle—many cats simply seem less themselves. Because the pattern involves multiple organs, the picture can shift or broaden over time. This page walks through what triaditis can look like in day-to-day life, what happens inside the body when these three organs become inflamed together, how the pattern is investigated through blood tests and imaging, and the ways the inflammation can be managed. The goal is to help you understand what may be unfolding and what the process of working through it typically involves.

Urinary Tract Infection in Dogs

A urinary tract infection occurs when bacteria establish themselves in parts of the urinary system — most often the bladder, sometimes the urethra, and occasionally further up in the kidneys. The infection can cause inflammation and discomfort, and may change the way urine looks, smells, or is passed. Owners often notice more frequent trips outside, straining or discomfort when urinating, or small amounts of urine produced each time. The urine itself may appear cloudy, bloodstained, or have a stronger smell than usual. Some dogs show no outward signs at all, and the infection is found during routine testing for another reason. This page explores what these patterns can signal, what may be happening in the urinary tract, how infections are identified through testing, and the range of approaches used to address them — including when additional investigation may be warranted.

Uveitis

Uveitis describes inflammation inside the eye, affecting structures that lie beneath the outer surface—the iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid. These tissues are rich in blood vessels and immune cells, which means inflammation here can arise from infection, immune reactions, injury, or processes elsewhere in the body that have reached the eye through the bloodstream. Owners often notice a red or clouded eye, squinting, sensitivity to light, or a change in the appearance of the iris or pupil. The eye may look uncomfortable, and in some cases the surface can appear hazy or the pupil unusually small. These signs can develop quickly or build gradually, and they can affect one eye or both. This page explores what uveitis can look like from the outside, the range of processes that can trigger inflammation inside the eye, how the condition is investigated, and the approaches used to manage it. The aim is to help you understand what may be happening and what shape assessment and care tend to take.

Addisons Disease in Dogs

A hormonal condition where the adrenal glands produce insufficient cortisol and aldosterone, causing episodic weakness and metabolic disruption.

Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats

A progressive condition where kidney function declines over time, affecting fluid balance, waste filtration, and overall health.

Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs

A progressive decline in kidney function that affects waste filtration, hydration, and metabolic balance over months to years.

Colitis

Colitis describes inflammation of the large intestine—the final portion of the digestive tract where water is absorbed and stool takes its formed shape. When this lining becomes irritated or inflamed, the normal rhythm of absorption and movement changes, often producing softer stool, visible mucus, or small amounts of fresh blood. The urge to pass stool may become more frequent, and some animals strain even when little is produced. Owners typically arrive at this page after noticing changes in their pet's bowel habits—diarrhoea that seems to come from the back passage rather than higher up, jelly-like mucus coating the stool, or repeated trips to the garden with little result. The pattern can appear suddenly or build over days, and in some cases it resolves on its own while in others it persists or returns. This page explores the signals that point towards large bowel involvement, the range of causes that can trigger inflammation in this part of the gut, the ways these causes are investigated, and the approaches used to settle symptoms and address underlying triggers where they can be identified.

Constipation and Megacolon

Constipation describes difficulty passing faeces, or passing them less often than usual. What an owner typically notices first is straining in the litter tray or on a walk, sometimes with only small, hard stools produced—or none at all. In some animals the problem resolves with minor change, but in others it persists or worsens, and the colon can become stretched and less able to move waste along. When that happens, the term megacolon may be used. Owners often arrive here wondering whether what they are seeing is constipation or something else, how long to wait, and what might be contributing. The signs can overlap with urinary straining, and the causes range from diet and dehydration to structural problems, pain, or disease elsewhere in the body. This page walks through what constipation and megacolon look like in practice, what may be happening beneath the surface, how the picture is built through history and examination, and the range of approaches—dietary, medical, and surgical—that may be considered depending on severity and cause.

Cushings Disease in Dogs

A hormonal condition where the body produces excess cortisol, affecting skin, appetite, thirst, body shape, and energy regulation.

Diabetes Mellitus in Cats

A metabolic condition involving impaired blood sugar regulation that may be influenced by weight, diet, and other health factors.

Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs

A metabolic condition where the body cannot regulate blood sugar levels effectively, affecting energy, weight, and hydration.

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency occurs when the pancreas fails to produce adequate digestive enzymes, resulting in malabsorption and characteristic signs of weight loss despite a voracious appetite.

Gallbladder Mucocele

A gallbladder mucocele describes a situation in which thick, gel-like bile accumulates inside the gallbladder, sometimes filling it completely. The gallbladder normally stores liquid bile produced by the liver, but in a mucocele, the bile becomes unusually viscous and can no longer flow freely. This can interfere with the gallbladder's function and, in some cases, lead to complications affecting the organ itself or surrounding structures. Many dogs with a mucocele show no outward signs at all, and the finding may appear during imaging performed for another reason. When signs do occur, they often include reduced appetite, quietness, vomiting, or discomfort in the abdomen. Some owners notice a yellow tinge to the gums or skin, which reflects a change in how bile pigments are being processed. The picture can range from subtle and long-standing to more pronounced, and the condition tends to be identified in middle-aged to older dogs, with certain breeds appearing more frequently in case series. This page explores what may be observed at home or during examination, the mechanisms that contribute to mucocele formation, the imaging and laboratory methods used to investigate it, and the range of approaches—medical and surgical—that may be considered depending on the individual presentation.

Gastroenteritis in Cats

Gastroenteritis describes inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is one of the most common reasons cats vomit, have diarrhoea, or show less interest in food. The inflammation disrupts normal digestive function, and the signs an owner observes reflect that disruption. Many cats experience brief, self-limiting episodes after dietary indiscretion or minor viral infection. Others develop gastroenteritis as part of a chronic pattern, linked to food sensitivity, inflammatory bowel disease, or other underlying conditions. What an owner sees at home — the frequency of vomiting, the character of the stool, changes in appetite or demeanour — offers clues to the severity and likely cause. This page explores the signs that may be observed, the mechanisms and causes that can drive gastroenteritis, the investigations that help distinguish one cause from another, and the range of approaches used to manage both acute and ongoing cases.

Giardiasis

Giardiasis is an infection of the intestine caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia. The parasite lives in the small intestine and can interfere with the normal absorption of nutrients and water, though many infected dogs and cats show no outward signs at all. When signs do appear, they most often take the form of soft or watery stool, sometimes with a slightly greasy appearance or unusual odour. Owners typically arrive on this page because they have noticed a change in their pet's stool consistency that has persisted, or because a faecal test has returned a positive result for Giardia and they are trying to understand what that means. In young animals or those in multi-pet households, the question often centres on whether the infection explains ongoing digestive upset, and what the implications may be for other animals or people in the home. This page explores the signs that can accompany giardiasis, the mechanisms by which the parasite affects the gut, the ways in which infection is identified in practice, and the range of approaches used to address it. It also considers the contexts in which Giardia is found, the variability in how different animals respond, and the factors that shape decisions around testing and intervention.

Hepatic Lipidosis

Hepatic lipidosis describes a state in which fat accumulates inside liver cells to a degree that disrupts the liver's ability to function. It occurs most commonly in cats, particularly after a period of reduced or absent eating, and can develop over the course of days to weeks. The accumulation is not itself a primary disease, but rather a pattern the liver falls into when energy intake drops and the body begins mobilising fat stores faster than the liver can process them. Owners often notice a cat becoming quieter, less interested in food, and sometimes showing a yellow tinge to the skin, gums, or the whites of the eyes. Weight loss may be apparent, and in some cases there may be episodes of vomiting or changes in behaviour. These signs can emerge after a known period of poor appetite, or sometimes the loss of appetite itself is the first concern. This page explores the visible and behavioural signals that can accompany hepatic lipidosis, the metabolic events occurring inside the liver, the ways the condition is investigated through history, examination, and testing, and the approaches used to support recovery. The focus throughout is on understanding the trajectory and the reasoning behind different elements of care.

Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats

Hepatic lipidosis describes a state in which fat accumulates extensively within the liver cells of a cat, impairing the organ's ability to function. It tends to develop when a cat — particularly one carrying extra weight — stops eating for several days, triggering the body to mobilise fat stores faster than the liver can process them. The liver becomes overwhelmed, and jaundice, lethargy, and continued reluctance to eat often follow. Owners typically notice that their cat has gone off food, sometimes after a period of stress, illness, or change in routine, and that the cat now appears quiet, weak, or visibly yellow in the whites of the eyes or gums. The condition can look subtle at first, then gather momentum over days. This page explores the signals that may be observed, the metabolic events occurring beneath them, how hepatic lipidosis is investigated through blood tests and imaging, and the approaches used to support recovery — centred on careful nutritional management and treatment of any underlying trigger.

Hyperthyroidism in Cats

A condition where the thyroid gland produces excess hormone, increasing metabolic rate and affecting weight, appetite, and organ function.

Hypothyroidism in Dogs

A condition where the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormone, affecting metabolism, energy levels, weight, and coat quality.

Liver Disease in Dogs

Liver disease describes any condition in which the liver is not working as it should. The liver processes nutrients, filters waste from the blood, produces proteins needed for clotting, and stores energy. When it is damaged or failing, these functions can be disrupted in ways that affect the whole body. Owners often arrive at this page because their dog has become quieter than usual, is eating less, has lost weight, or has developed vomiting or diarrhoea. Some notice a yellow tinge to the gums or whites of the eyes, or that their dog is drinking and urinating more than normal. In many cases, the possibility of liver involvement emerges after blood tests taken for another reason. This page explores what liver disease can look like in dogs, what may be happening inside the liver itself, how the condition is investigated through blood work and imaging, and the range of approaches that may be considered depending on the underlying cause and stage.

Megaoesophagus

Megaoesophagus involves dilation and loss of normal muscular function of the oesophagus, causing food to accumulate rather than passing normally to the stomach, with regurgitation as the hallmark sign.

Obesity in Cats

A condition of excess body fat in cats that affects mobility, metabolic health, grooming ability, and disease susceptibility.

Obesity in Dogs

A condition of excess body fat that increases mechanical stress on joints and alters metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory function.

Pancreatitis in Cats

An inflammatory condition of the pancreas in cats that often presents subtly and may occur alongside other organ conditions.

Pancreatitis in Dogs

An inflammatory condition of the pancreas that causes abdominal pain, digestive disruption, and can range from mild to severe.

Portosystemic Shunt

A portosystemic shunt is an abnormal blood vessel that allows blood from the intestines and other abdominal organs to bypass the liver. Normally, this blood travels through the liver first, where toxins are filtered and nutrients are processed. When a shunt is present, unfiltered blood flows directly into the general circulation, and the liver itself may remain underdeveloped. Owners often arrive at this page because their young dog or cat has been slow to grow, seems unusually quiet or uncoordinated after meals, or has had episodes of confusion, drooling, or apparent disorientation. Some animals show digestive signs—vomiting, diarrhoea, or poor appetite—while others may have urinary tract problems or subtle behavioural changes that come and go. The pattern can be vague at first, and the pieces may only connect over time. This page explores the signals that can accompany a portosystemic shunt, the mechanisms that produce those signals, how the condition is investigated through blood tests and imaging, and the medical and surgical approaches that exist. The goal is to help you understand what may be happening and what shape the pathway forward can take.

Urinary Stones (Urolithiasis)

Urinary stones are mineral crystals that form inside the bladder or, less commonly, in the kidneys or the tubes connecting them. They vary in size from sand-like grains to pebbles, and their composition differs—some are made of struvite, others of calcium oxalate, urate, or rarer minerals. The type of stone influences how it behaves and what may help manage it. Many owners notice straining to urinate, frequent small puddles, blood in the urine, or signs of discomfort when their dog or cat tries to pass water. In male cats and small male dogs, a stone can lodge in the urethra and obstruct the flow of urine entirely, which tends to show as repeated unproductive posturing. Some animals carry stones without obvious signs, and the stones are found during imaging for another reason. This page explores what urinary stones can look like in daily life, what drives their formation, how they are identified through urine tests and imaging, and the range of approaches—from dietary adjustment to surgical removal—that may be considered depending on the stone type, size, location, and the animal's broader picture.

Anal Gland Disease

Anal gland disease describes a spectrum of problems affecting the paired scent glands that sit just inside the anus in dogs and cats. These glands normally release a small amount of fluid when an animal passes faeces, but the ducts can become blocked, the glands can overfill, or infection can develop. What owners most often notice is scooting—dragging the bottom along the ground—or persistent licking and attention to the area under the tail. The signs can range from mild discomfort and a distinctive smell to visible swelling beside the anus, pain when sitting, or occasionally a ruptured abscess that breaks through the skin. Some animals experience isolated episodes; others develop a pattern that recurs over months or years. The underlying causes vary, and not all cases follow the same course. This page explores what anal gland disease can look like in practice, the mechanisms that contribute to blockage or infection, how the condition is investigated, and the range of approaches—from manual expression to dietary adjustment to surgical removal—that may be considered depending on severity and frequency.

Anal Gland Disease in Dogs

Anal gland disease refers to a collection of problems affecting the two small scent glands that sit just inside a dog's anus. These glands normally release a small amount of fluid when the dog passes a firm stool, but when something disrupts that process — whether blockage, inflammation, infection, or structural change — the gland can become uncomfortable, overfull, or damaged. Owners often notice scooting (dragging the bottom along the ground), licking or biting around the tail base, a sudden strong smell, or visible swelling to one side of the anus. Some dogs show discomfort when sitting or seem reluctant to lift their tail. The behaviour can appear suddenly or build gradually, and the severity ranges from mild irritation to pain that affects how the dog moves. This page explores what signs may suggest a problem with the anal glands, what processes underlie those signs, how the area is examined and what findings may emerge, and the range of approaches used depending on what is found. It does not cover every variant, but it provides a framework for understanding what may be happening and what the options tend to involve.

Angiostrongylus (Lungworm)

Angiostrongylus vasorum is a parasitic worm that lives in the blood vessels of the heart and lungs. Dogs become infected by eating slugs, snails, or frogs that carry the larval stage, or by accidentally ingesting the slime these animals leave behind. Once inside the body, the larvae migrate to the pulmonary arteries, where they mature and reproduce, releasing new larvae that travel through the lungs and are coughed up, swallowed, and passed in faeces. Many dogs show no outward signs for weeks or months. When signs do appear, they can vary widely—some dogs develop a persistent cough or become tired more easily, others may bleed unusually after minor injuries or show unexplained bruising, and a smaller number experience more severe breathing difficulty or neurological changes. The variety of presentations can make the picture unclear at first. This page explores what lungworm infection can look like in practice, how the parasite affects different body systems, the tests used to detect it, and the treatment approaches available. It also considers prevention strategies and what tends to happen after treatment begins.

Aortic Stenosis

Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the heart's aortic valve or the region just above or below it, restricting the flow of blood as it leaves the left ventricle and enters the body's main circulation. The narrowing can range from mild to severe, and many affected dogs live without obvious signs for years, whilst others develop limitations in exercise tolerance, episodes of weakness, or collapse. Owners often arrive on this page after a heart murmur has been detected during a routine examination, or because a young dog has shown fatigue or breathlessness during exercise that seems out of proportion to the activity. In some cases the condition is discovered incidentally, in a dog that appears entirely well. This page explores the signals that can accompany aortic stenosis, the structural and functional changes that underlie them, the ways the condition is investigated and graded, and the range of approaches used to manage dogs across the spectrum of severity.

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis describes inflammation of the conjunctiva — the thin, moist tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white of the eye. When this tissue becomes irritated or infected, it can swell, redden, and produce discharge. The change is often visible as redness around or within the eye, a watery or thicker discharge that may collect at the corner or along the lashes, and sometimes a narrowed or partly closed appearance if the eye is uncomfortable. Owners often notice one or both eyes looking different — pinker than usual, weepy, or with a crust that builds up overnight. The pet may rub at the face, blink more frequently, or seem bothered by light. Sometimes the signs appear quickly after an obvious event, such as dust or pollen exposure; in other cases they develop gradually without a clear trigger. Conjunctivitis can occur alone or as part of a broader pattern involving other structures of the eye or body. This page explores what conjunctivitis can look like in daily life, the range of causes and mechanisms that can produce it, how it is distinguished from other conditions affecting the eye, and the forms of management that exist depending on what is driving the inflammation.

Constipation and Megacolon in Cats

Constipation describes difficulty passing faeces, or passing faeces less often than usual. In cats, this may appear as straining in the litter tray, producing small or hard stools, or none at all. Megacolon is a related condition in which the large bowel becomes stretched and loses its ability to move material forward effectively, often developing after repeated or prolonged episodes of constipation. Owners typically notice a cat spending longer than usual in the litter tray, sometimes vocalising or appearing uncomfortable, or they may find the tray has not been used for a day or more. In some cases, a cat may strain in a way that looks similar to urinary straining, which can cause understandable concern. The severity ranges widely—from a single mild episode that resolves on its own to a persistent pattern that requires investigation. This page explores what constipation and megacolon can look like in practice, the range of underlying factors that may contribute, how the problem is investigated, and the spectrum of approaches used to manage it. The aim is to help you understand what may be happening and what questions might be useful to consider.

Dystocia

Dystocia refers to difficult or obstructed labour, occurring when the birthing process stalls or complications prevent normal delivery of offspring, representing a time-sensitive situation requiring assessment.

Foreign Body Ingestion

Foreign body ingestion describes the situation in which a dog or cat swallows something that cannot be digested — a piece of toy, fabric, bone fragment, string, or any number of household objects. What happens next depends on the size, shape, and material of the object, and where it travels or lodges within the digestive tract. Owners often arrive at this page because they witnessed the ingestion, found evidence that something is missing, or have noticed vomiting, reduced appetite, or changes in behaviour over hours or days. In some cases the object passes through without incident; in others it becomes stuck, causes irritation, or creates a blockage that prevents normal movement of food and fluid. This page explores the signs that may appear, the mechanisms by which foreign material causes harm, the imaging and clinical approaches used to locate and assess the object, and the range of options — from monitoring to endoscopic retrieval to surgery — that may be considered depending on what has been swallowed and where it has travelled.

Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV) in Dogs

Gastric dilatation-volvulus describes a sequence in which a dog's stomach fills with gas and then rotates on itself, trapping that gas and cutting off blood flow to the stomach wall and sometimes to other organs. The rotation can happen partially or completely, and once it begins, the stomach continues to expand because the gas cannot escape. This is a mechanical problem with profound effects on circulation and tissue viability. Owners most often notice a dog whose abdomen appears swollen or tight, who may be restless, retching without bringing anything up, or standing in an anxious posture. The signs can appear quite suddenly, often within an hour or two of a meal or period of activity, though the timing varies. Some dogs show subtle discomfort at first, while others deteriorate quickly. This page explores what tends to be visible from the outside, what is happening inside the abdomen and the rest of the body when the stomach has twisted, how the condition is confirmed, and the approaches used to address it. It also considers which dogs may be more likely to experience this, and what is understood about the factors that may contribute.

Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV/Bloat)

Gastric dilatation-volvulus describes a sequence in which a dog's stomach fills with gas and then rotates on itself, trapping that gas and cutting off blood flow to the stomach wall and other organs. The rotation can happen rapidly, and the combination of pressure and compromised circulation affects the whole body. It occurs almost exclusively in dogs, particularly those with deep, narrow chests. Owners most often notice a swollen abdomen that feels tight or drum-like, along with unproductive retching—attempts to vomit that bring nothing up. The dog may seem restless, uncomfortable, or quieter than usual. Some dogs show drooling, pacing, or a hunched posture. The signs can appear suddenly, often within hours of a meal or exercise, though the link is not always clear. This page explores what can be seen from the outside, what is happening inside the abdomen and circulation, how the condition is confirmed through imaging and examination, and the approaches used to address both the immediate mechanical problem and the consequences that follow.

Gastroenteritis in Dogs

Gastroenteritis describes inflammation of the stomach and intestines. When this happens, the lining of the digestive tract becomes irritated or inflamed, and the normal processes of digestion and absorption can be disrupted. The result is often vomiting, diarrhoea, or both, sometimes alongside signs of discomfort or reduced appetite. Many owners arrive at this page after observing sudden changes in their dog's toileting or eating patterns — perhaps soft stools, repeated vomiting, or a reluctance to finish meals. These signs can appear after a dietary indiscretion, during a change in routine, or without an obvious trigger. The pattern can range from a single brief episode to something that persists or recurs. This page explores what gastroenteritis can look like in dogs, what may be happening beneath the surface, how the condition is investigated, and the range of approaches used to support recovery. It does not diagnose your dog, but it may help you understand what questions are being asked and why.

Intestinal Parasites

Intestinal parasites are organisms that live inside the digestive tract of dogs and cats, feeding on nutrients or tissue. Some are visible to the eye in faeces or vomit; others are microscopic and discovered only through laboratory testing. Many animals carry low numbers without showing signs, while others develop diarrhoea, weight loss, a dull coat, or—in young animals especially—poor growth. Owners often arrive here after finding something unusual in the litter tray or on a walk, after a routine faecal test returns a result, or because a puppy or kitten is not thriving as expected. Concerns tend to centre on what the organism is, whether it explains what is being observed, and what it may mean for other animals or people in the household. This page explores the common types of intestinal parasite seen in the UK, the signs they can produce, how they are detected through faecal examination and other tests, and the range of approaches used to reduce or eliminate them. It also considers how transmission occurs and what influences the likelihood of reinfection.

Megaesophagus in Dogs

Nasopharyngeal Polyps

A nasopharyngeal polyp is a benign growth that develops in the soft tissue at the back of the nasal passages or in the middle ear, most often in young cats and occasionally in dogs. These growths are not cancerous, but they can occupy space in narrow airways and interfere with normal breathing, swallowing, or hearing depending on where they sit and how large they become. Owners often notice noisy breathing, snoring sounds that seem new, discharge from one or both nostrils, difficulty swallowing, or a head tilt if the polyp affects the ear. The signs can develop gradually and may be mistaken for a persistent upper respiratory infection, particularly when discharge is present. In some cases, a fleshy mass may be visible at the back of the throat. This page explores what these signs can indicate, the structures involved and how polyps form, the diagnostic steps used to locate and characterise the growth, and the approaches available for removal. The goal is to help you understand what may be happening and what the investigative and management pathway typically looks like.

Pericardial Effusion

Pericardial effusion involves accumulation of fluid within the sac surrounding the heart, which can compress the heart and impair its function, presenting with signs of cardiovascular compromise.

Systemic Hypertension in Cats

Systemic hypertension describes sustained high pressure within the blood vessels that circulate throughout the body. In cats, this is most often a consequence of other conditions—particularly chronic kidney disease and hyperthyroidism—rather than a standalone problem. The elevation in pressure can be present for months without producing visible changes, or it can lead to sudden signs when delicate structures, especially in the eyes or brain, are affected. Many owners first become aware of the possibility when a cat's eyes change abruptly—pupils that stay wide, blood visible inside the eye, or sudden blindness—or when routine bloodwork prompts a blood pressure check. Some cats show no outward signs at all, and raised pressure is identified only during monitoring for another condition. This page explores what elevated blood pressure looks like in practice, how it is measured and interpreted, the organs most often affected, and the ways it can be managed alongside the conditions that tend to drive it.

Urethral Obstruction

Urethral obstruction occurs when the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside — the urethra — becomes blocked, preventing a cat or dog from emptying their bladder normally. The blockage can be partial or complete, and may develop over hours or days. Male cats are particularly prone, though it can occur in any cat or dog. Owners often notice repeated trips to the litter tray or garden with little or no urine produced, straining that may resemble constipation, or vocalisation during attempts. Some animals may lick at the area persistently or seem restless and uncomfortable. The signs can be subtle at first, and it is not always obvious that the bladder is involved. This page explores the patterns that may prompt concern, what can cause or contribute to a blockage, how the condition is confirmed and monitored, and the range of approaches used to relieve the obstruction and support recovery. The focus is on helping owners recognise what they may be observing and understand the shape of the problem.

Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence describes the involuntary loss of urine — leakage that happens without the animal making a conscious decision to urinate. It can appear as damp patches on bedding, wet fur around the back legs or tail base, or drips left behind when the animal stands up. Some owners notice it only at night or when the pet is deeply asleep; others see it throughout the day. The underlying causes vary widely. In some cases the bladder neck or urethral sphincter does not maintain its usual tone, often linked to hormonal changes after neutering in female dogs. In others the bladder itself may be overactive, scarred, or positioned unusually. Neurological conditions, developmental anatomy, chronic inflammation, and age-related changes all appear in the clinical picture. This page explores what incontinence can signal, the mechanisms that may be at work, the diagnostic steps that help distinguish one cause from another, and the range of medical and surgical approaches used to manage it. The goal is to help you understand the shape of the problem and the questions that structure the investigation.

Arthritis in Cats

A degenerative joint condition that is common in older cats but often goes unrecognised due to subtle behavioural changes.

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) in Dogs

Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome describes a collection of anatomical features in short-nosed dogs that can make breathing more difficult than it is for dogs with longer muzzles. The features often include narrowed nostrils, an overly soft or long palate, and a narrowed windpipe, though not every dog has all of them. These features are part of the breed shape, but in some individuals they create enough resistance that breathing becomes effortful, particularly during exercise, excitement, or warm weather. Owners often notice noisy breathing—snoring, snorting, or honking sounds—especially during activity or sleep. Some dogs tire quickly on walks, overheat more easily than other breeds, or seem to struggle to catch their breath after exertion. Others may gag, retch, or bring up foam, particularly after eating or drinking. The severity varies widely: some dogs live comfortably with these features, while others find daily activities genuinely difficult. This page explores what these features look like from the outside, what is happening in the airways, how the condition is assessed, and the range of approaches—both surgical and supportive—that exist. It also considers how age, weight, and environment can influence the picture over time.

Cherry Eye

Cherry eye is the common name for a condition in which a tear gland that normally sits tucked out of sight in the corner of the eye becomes displaced and visible as a pink or red swelling. This gland — the third eyelid gland — produces a significant portion of the tear film, and when it moves out of position, it can no longer do that job as effectively. The appearance can be sudden, often noticed as a smooth, rounded lump in the inner corner of one or both eyes. Owners often describe the swelling as looking like a small bean or a piece of red tissue that wasn't there before. It may come and go at first, or it may remain visible. Some dogs seem unbothered; others may paw at the eye or squint if the exposed tissue becomes dry or irritated. The condition is seen more often in certain breeds, particularly younger dogs, and can affect one eye or both, sometimes months or years apart. This page explores what you may observe, what is happening beneath the surface, how the condition is identified, and the range of approaches that exist — each with its own profile of outcomes, tradeoffs, and considerations over time.

Corneal Ulcers

A corneal ulcer is a wound on the surface of the eye — the clear front window called the cornea. The outer layer of cells has been lost, exposing the tissue beneath. This can happen through injury, irritation, or an underlying problem with the way the eye protects itself. Owners often notice their dog or cat holding one eye closed, rubbing at the face, or showing sensitivity to light. The eye may appear red or watery. Sometimes the surface looks cloudy or dull. The signs tend to appear quite suddenly, and the discomfort can be marked. This page explores what a corneal ulcer can look like, what may have caused the surface to break down, how the injury is identified and assessed, and the range of approaches used depending on depth, cause, and how the ulcer responds over time.

Corneal Ulcers

A corneal ulcer is a break in the surface layer of the cornea — the clear dome at the front of the eye. These injuries can occur from a scratch, a foreign body like a grass seed, friction from an in-turned eyelid, or irritation from abnormal hairs. The ulcer itself may be tiny or cover a larger area, shallow or deeper, and the severity of what the eye looks like does not always match the size of the damage. Owners often notice their dog or cat holding one eye partly or fully closed, producing tears or discharge, and sometimes pawing at the face. The white of the eye may look red, and in some animals the third eyelid slides partway across. The discomfort can range from mild sensitivity to light through to pronounced squinting, and some pets become quieter or less willing to play. The appearance of the cornea itself may be hazy, cloudy, or look unchanged to the naked eye. This page explores the signals that suggest a corneal ulcer may be present, what happens beneath the surface when the cornea is damaged, how the injury is identified and assessed, and the range of approaches used depending on depth, cause, and how the ulcer is responding. It also describes situations in which healing does not follow the expected pattern.

Cruciate Ligament Disease in Dogs

A condition involving damage to the cranial cruciate ligament in the knee, causing instability, pain, and altered movement.

Degenerative Myelopathy

Degenerative myelopathy is a progressive spinal cord disease affecting the white matter, causing gradual hindlimb weakness and loss of coordination, most commonly in older large-breed dogs.

Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs

A progressive neurological condition affecting the spinal cord, leading to gradual loss of coordination and strength in the hind legs.

Dental Disease in Cats

A progressive condition affecting teeth and oral tissues in cats that often develops silently and alters eating behaviour.

Dental Disease in Dogs

A progressive condition affecting the teeth and gums that influences eating comfort, systemic health, and overall quality of life.

Entropion

Entropion describes an inward rolling of the eyelid, so that the edge of the lid and the hairs on its outer surface turn in toward the eye itself. This places fur and skin in direct contact with the cornea — the clear front surface of the eye — which can lead to irritation, discomfort, and damage over time. Owners often notice persistent squinting, watering, or a reluctance to open the affected eye fully, particularly in younger dogs of certain breeds or in older animals whose eyelid support has changed. The eye may appear red or inflamed, and some pets paw at their face. In many cases, the inward roll is visible when looking at the eye from the side, though subtle cases can be harder to spot. This page explores what entropion looks like in practice, what happens beneath the surface when the eyelid folds inward, how the condition is identified during examination, and the range of approaches — both short-term and longer-term — that exist to address it. The shape and severity vary considerably, and the timeline for intervention depends on the degree of discomfort and risk to the eye.

Glaucoma

Glaucoma describes a group of conditions in which pressure inside the eye rises beyond what the structures of the eye can tolerate. The eye normally contains fluid that circulates and drains in a careful balance; when that drainage slows or stops, pressure builds, and the tissues inside—particularly the light-sensing retina and the optic nerve—can be damaged. In dogs and cats, this process can unfold over hours, days, or weeks, depending on the type and cause. Owners often notice a red or clouded eye, squinting, tearing, or a change in the size or appearance of the pupil. The eye may look larger or feel firm to the touch. Pain is common, though it can be subtle or mistaken for tiredness or reluctance to play. Some animals are brought in because vision seems reduced in one eye, or because the eye simply looks different. This page explores what glaucoma may look like when it first appears, what is happening inside the eye to cause those changes, how raised pressure is measured and investigated, and the range of approaches used to manage it—both to preserve comfort and, where possible, to protect remaining vision.

Glaucoma in Dogs

Glaucoma describes a group of conditions in which pressure inside the eye rises above the range the eye can tolerate. That pressure can build quickly or gradually, and it can damage the structures that sense light and transmit signals to the brain. The result, if unchecked, is progressive loss of vision. Owners often notice a red, cloudy, or enlarged eye, sometimes with squinting or signs that suggest discomfort. In other cases the eye may look subtly different—slightly wider, or with a pupil that does not respond to light as the other does. The condition can affect one eye or both, and the pattern of onset and progression varies. This page explores what glaucoma can look like in the early and later stages, what drives the rise in pressure, how it is measured and investigated, and the range of approaches used to manage it. The aim is to help you understand what may be happening and what questions may be worth exploring.

Hip Dysplasia in Dogs

A developmental condition where the hip joint forms abnormally, leading to instability, cartilage wear, and progressive mobility changes.

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)

Intervertebral disc disease describes a group of conditions in which the cushioning discs between the bones of the spine become damaged, degenerate, or shift out of position. When this happens, the disc material can press on the spinal cord or the nerves that branch from it, interfering with the signals that travel between the brain and the rest of the body. The result can range from discomfort and stiffness to profound weakness or loss of coordination in the limbs. Owners often notice a change in how their dog moves or holds itself — reluctance to jump, a hunched posture, unsteadiness in the back legs, or dragging of the paws. In some cases the change is gradual; in others it appears quite suddenly. Certain breeds, particularly those with long backs or short legs, are seen more frequently, though the condition can occur in any dog. This page explores what may be observed when disc disease is present, the mechanisms that lead to pressure on the spinal cord, how the problem is investigated using imaging and examination, and the range of approaches used to manage it — both supportive and surgical. The course and outcome depend on the severity of nerve involvement, the speed of onset, and the individual animal.

Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs

A spinal condition where disc material compresses the spinal cord or nerves, causing pain, weakness, or loss of coordination.

Laryngeal Paralysis

Laryngeal paralysis describes a loss of normal movement in one or both sides of the larynx—the structure at the top of the windpipe that opens during breathing and closes during swallowing. When the cartilages that form the larynx no longer pull apart as they should, the airway narrows, and breathing becomes noisier and more effortful, particularly during exercise or in warm weather. Owners often notice a change in the sound of breathing first: a harsh, raspy noise on the in-breath, sometimes described as roaring or stridor. The change may be gradual, appearing over months, or it may become obvious quite suddenly during exertion or heat. Some dogs also develop a different bark, tire more quickly on walks, or cough or gag when drinking. Laryngeal paralysis is seen most often in older, large-breed dogs, though it can occur in younger animals or smaller breeds in certain contexts. This page explores what laryngeal paralysis may look like in day-to-day life, the mechanisms that can lead to it, how it is investigated, and the range of approaches that exist for supporting affected dogs. The condition varies widely in how it progresses and in the degree to which it affects quality of life, and understanding that spectrum can help frame conversations about monitoring and intervention.

Laryngeal Paralysis in Dogs

A condition where the larynx does not open properly during breathing, causing airway restriction, voice changes, and exercise difficulty.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is a condition affecting small breed dogs where the blood supply to the femoral head (the ball of the hip joint) is disrupted, causing bone death and subsequent collapse, leading to pain, lameness, and hip dysfunction.

Luxating Patella in Dogs

A luxating patella describes a kneecap that moves out of its normal position in the groove at the front of the stifle joint. In many dogs this happens intermittently — the kneecap slips to one side, then returns on its own — while in others it may stay displaced for longer periods or become a permanent change in limb structure. Owners often notice a sudden skip or hop on one hind leg during a walk, sometimes described as though the dog is avoiding putting weight down for a few steps before returning to normal. In other cases the pattern may be more persistent lameness, a stiff gait, or a visible difference in how the leg is carried or held. Some dogs show no obvious discomfort at all, and the finding emerges during a routine examination. This page explores the physical signs that can accompany patellar movement, the structural factors that contribute to it, the ways it can be identified and graded during examination, and the range of approaches — both surgical and non-surgical — that exist depending on severity, symptoms, and the individual dog's circumstances.

Osteoarthritis in Dogs

A progressive joint condition involving cartilage breakdown, inflammation, and pain that affects mobility and comfort over time.

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)

Osteochondritis dissecans is a developmental condition affecting joint cartilage in growing dogs, where abnormal cartilage formation can lead to loose fragments within joints, causing pain and lameness, most commonly affecting the shoulder, elbow, stifle, or hock.

Patellar Luxation

Patellar luxation describes a kneecap that moves out of its normal position in the groove at the front of the thigh bone. In dogs and cats, this can happen as a brief slip that resolves on its own, or as a more persistent displacement. The underlying cause may be present from birth—related to the shape and alignment of the leg bones—or may develop after injury. Owners often notice a sudden hop or skip in one back leg during a walk, sometimes followed by the leg returning to normal a few strides later. In other cases, a pet may carry one leg for longer periods, or move with a persistently altered gait. The pattern can be intermittent or constant, mild or more limiting, and may involve one leg or both. This page explores what those patterns can signal, the structural factors that allow the kneecap to move, how the condition is examined and graded, and the range of approaches—from monitoring and supportive care to surgical correction—that exist depending on severity, comfort, and the functional impact on the individual animal.

Spondylosis in Dogs

A condition involving bony growths along the spine that may or may not cause stiffness and reduced flexibility.

Syringomyelia

Syringomyelia is a condition in which fluid-filled cavities form within the spinal cord. These cavities, called syrinxes, develop when the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord is disrupted, often because the space at the back of the skull is smaller than typical. The condition is seen most often in certain toy breeds, particularly Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, though it can occur in other dogs and occasionally in cats. Owners may notice signs that suggest discomfort around the head, neck, or shoulders—scratching at the air near the ear without making contact with the skin, sensitivity when the neck or collar area is touched, reluctance to jump or play, or vocalisation during certain movements. Some animals show no outward signs at all, while others develop changes in gait or coordination over time. The signs can be subtle at first and may be mistaken for skin irritation, ear trouble, or general stiffness. This page explores what signals may be observed, what is happening inside the skull and spine, how the condition is investigated using imaging, and what approaches exist to manage discomfort and slow progression. The course varies widely between individuals, and decisions about investigation and management depend on the severity of signs, the animal's age and general health, and what is practical in each household.

Syringomyelia (CM/SM)

Syringomyelia describes the development of fluid-filled cavities within the spinal cord itself. These cavities form when the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord is disrupted, often because the space at the back of the skull is smaller than usual. The condition is seen most often in certain breeds, particularly Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, though it can occur in others. Owners may notice signs that suggest discomfort in the head or neck — scratching at the air near the ear or shoulder without making contact with the skin, reluctance to be touched around the head, sensitivity to collar pressure, or changes in behaviour during excitement or rest. Some dogs show no outward signs at all, while others may develop difficulty walking or coordinating movement if the cavities affect larger portions of the spinal cord. The picture varies widely between individuals. This page explores what these signs may reflect, how the condition is identified through imaging, the factors that influence whether and how it progresses, and the range of approaches — both medical and surgical — that exist to manage it. The goal is to help you understand what syringomyelia can look like and what the options are, not to tell you what is happening in your own dog.

Tooth Resorption

Tooth resorption involves progressive destruction of tooth structure, commonly affecting cats over five years of age and often causing significant oral discomfort.

Tooth Resorption

Tracheal Collapse

Tracheal collapse describes a progressive weakening of the cartilage rings that normally hold the windpipe open. As these rings lose their rigidity, the trachea can flatten during breathing, partially obstructing the flow of air. The change tends to develop gradually, though the signs may appear suddenly or worsen under certain conditions. Many owners first notice a dry, honking cough that sounds distinct from other respiratory noises—often described as similar to a goose call. The cough may appear during excitement, exercise, or when pressure is applied to the neck, such as from a collar. Some dogs may also show rapid breathing, noisy inhalation, or reluctance to exercise, particularly in warm weather or during stress. This page explores the signs that may accompany tracheal collapse, the structural and functional changes occurring in the airway, the diagnostic approaches used to assess the trachea, and the range of medical and procedural options that exist to manage airflow and quality of life.

Cataracts in Dogs

A cataract is an opacity that forms in the lens of the eye. The lens normally sits behind the pupil and is transparent, allowing light to pass through to the retina at the back of the eye. When the lens becomes cloudy, vision is affected to varying degrees — from small areas of haze that may go unnoticed to complete whiteness that can lead to blindness. Owners often first notice a cloudiness or white appearance in one or both eyes, or they may observe that their dog is bumping into objects, hesitating on stairs, or becoming more cautious in dim light or unfamiliar places. Cataracts can appear at any age, from puppies to older dogs, and may develop rapidly or progress slowly over months or years. Not all cloudiness in the eye is a cataract — a normal age-related change called nuclear sclerosis can also cause a greyish haze but does not typically interfere with vision. This page explores what cataracts look like and how they may be identified, what causes them to form, how they are investigated, and the range of approaches available depending on the extent of cloudiness and how the dog is affected.

Elbow Dysplasia in Dogs

Elbow dysplasia is a term that describes a group of developmental conditions affecting the elbow joint in young, growing dogs. The joint may not form in the expected way, leading to areas of cartilage or bone that do not sit flush, fragment, or wear unevenly. Over time, this can create inflammation, discomfort, and changes to the joint surface. Owners often notice a young dog beginning to favour one or both front legs, particularly after rest or exercise, or moving with a slightly stiff or shortened stride. The signs can be subtle at first — a reluctance to play, a shift in how the dog rises from lying down, or a persistent limp that comes and goes. In some cases, the dog may hold the affected leg out slightly or show discomfort when the elbow is moved through its full range. This page explores what signals may prompt concern, what may be happening inside the joint, how the condition is investigated through examination and imaging, and the range of approaches that exist — from managing inflammation and load, to surgical options in selected cases.

Tracheal Collapse in Dogs

Tracheal collapse describes a progressive weakening of the cartilage rings that normally hold the windpipe open. As the structural support fails, the trachea flattens during breathing, particularly when air is moving quickly or when pressure changes inside the airway. This creates turbulent airflow and the characteristic sounds and effort that often prompt concern. Many owners first notice a dry, honking cough that may worsen with excitement, exercise, or pressure on the neck from a collar. Some dogs develop a more laboured breathing pattern, particularly in warm weather or during exertion. The condition occurs most often in small-breed dogs, and signs can appear at any age, though middle-aged and older animals are more commonly affected. This page explores what can be observed when the trachea is collapsing, the mechanisms that drive those signs, how the condition is identified and characterised, and the range of approaches used to manage it over time.

Vestibular Disease in Dogs

Vestibular disease describes a disruption to the system that helps dogs maintain balance, coordinate movement, and know where they are in space. This system relies on structures in the inner ear and parts of the brain working together to process signals about position and motion. When something interferes with these signals, the result can be a sudden loss of coordination that often looks alarming — a head tilt, eyes flicking side to side, difficulty standing, or circling in one direction. Owners often describe their dog as appearing drunk, dizzy, or as though the world has tilted. The signs can appear very quickly, sometimes within hours, and the intensity varies widely. Some dogs remain alert and aware but unsteady; others may be reluctant to move or may fall repeatedly to one side. The pattern of signs offers clues about whether the problem lies in the inner ear itself or further along the pathway in the brain. This page explores what vestibular disease can look like in practice, what may be happening beneath the surface, how the location and cause are investigated, and what approaches exist depending on the underlying picture. The course and outlook depend heavily on the cause, which ranges from self-limiting inflammation in the inner ear to conditions requiring more sustained attention.

Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs

Congestive heart failure describes what happens when the heart can no longer move blood efficiently enough to meet the body's needs, and fluid begins to accumulate in the lungs or abdomen as a result. It is not a disease in itself, but rather the end point of various heart conditions — valve disease, muscle disorders, rhythm disturbances — that have progressed to the stage where circulation becomes compromised. Many owners first notice a persistent cough, faster breathing at rest, or reduced stamina on walks. Some dogs become quieter, tire more easily, or seem reluctant to lie down flat. These signs tend to build gradually, though in some cases fluid accumulation can shift quite quickly. The pattern often reflects which side of the heart is most affected, and how long the underlying condition has been developing. This page explores the signs that may be observed, the mechanisms that lead to fluid build-up, the tests used to assess heart function and guide decisions, and the range of approaches — medical and supportive — that exist to manage the condition over time. It does not tell you what your dog has, but it may help you understand what you are seeing and what questions may be worth exploring.

Cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism describes the situation in which one or both testicles have not descended into the scrotum by the time development is expected to be complete. In dogs and cats, the testicles form inside the abdomen during early development and typically migrate down into the scrotum in the weeks around birth. When this migration does not happen, a testicle may remain in the abdomen or become lodged partway along the inguinal canal. Owners most often notice cryptorchidism when a young male puppy or kitten is examined and one or both sides of the scrotum appear empty or smaller than expected. In some cases, a testicle may be felt under the skin of the groin. The retained testicle itself does not tend to cause discomfort or visible illness in the early months, but the condition carries implications for long-term health and fertility. This page explores what cryptorchidism looks like in practice, the mechanisms behind incomplete descent, how the condition is identified and monitored, and the medical and surgical approaches that exist. It also covers the heritable nature of the condition and considerations around breeding.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs

A condition where the heart muscle weakens and chambers enlarge, reducing the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.

Hemangiosarcoma

Haemangiosarcoma is a cancer that arises from the cells lining blood vessels. It tends to form tumours that are fragile and prone to bleeding, and it can develop in many parts of the body — most often the spleen, heart, liver, or skin. Because the tumours are blood-filled and can rupture without warning, the first sign may be sudden collapse, weakness, or pale gums, rather than a gradual decline. Many owners arrive on this page after their dog has experienced an unexplained episode of weakness or collapse, or after a mass has been found on imaging or during an examination for something else. The condition can also present as a visible lump on the skin, particularly in areas exposed to sunlight. The internal form is more common in older dogs, and certain breeds — including Golden Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Labrador Retrievers — are seen more frequently. This page explores what an owner may observe, what is happening inside the body, how haemangiosarcoma is investigated and confirmed, and the range of approaches that exist once a diagnosis is made. It also considers the factors that shape outlook and the conversations that often follow.

Histiocytoma

A histiocytoma is a small, benign growth that arises from a type of immune cell in the skin. It is one of the more common skin lumps seen in young dogs, typically appearing as a single, firm, dome-shaped nodule that can be pink, red, or ulcerated on the surface. Most owners notice it suddenly, and many are concerned by how quickly it appears or by its raw appearance. These growths are not cancerous and tend to resolve on their own over a period of weeks to months, though their behaviour can vary. The pattern of growth, regression, and occasional persistence shapes how they are approached. This page explores what signs may prompt attention, what is happening in the tissue, how histiocytomas are identified and distinguished from other lumps, and the range of approaches that exist when observation, biopsy, or removal may be considered.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cats

A condition where the heart muscle thickens abnormally, impairing blood flow and potentially causing sudden circulatory complications.

Lipomas

A lipoma is a benign growth made of fat cells that develops under the skin. These soft, moveable lumps are among the most common masses found in dogs, particularly as they grow older, and they occur occasionally in cats as well. They do not spread to other parts of the body and typically grow slowly over months or years. Most owners first notice a lipoma as a soft lump beneath the skin that moves easily when touched. The lump may appear on the chest, belly, or limbs, though it can develop almost anywhere. Many dogs live comfortably with one or several lipomas that never require treatment, though some masses can grow large enough to affect movement or quality of life depending on where they sit. This page explores what lipomas look like and feel like, how they differ from other kinds of lumps, the ways they can be investigated, and the approaches that exist when a lipoma becomes problematic. It also considers when observation alone may be appropriate and when further steps might be worth discussing.

Mammary Tumours in Dogs

Mammary tumours are growths that develop in the mammary glands — the tissue that produces milk. They can appear as single lumps or multiple masses anywhere along the mammary chain, which runs from the chest down to the groin. About half of mammary tumours in dogs are benign, meaning they grow locally but do not spread, whilst the other half are malignant and can spread to other parts of the body. Most owners first notice a firm lump under the skin, often during grooming or stroking. These lumps can vary widely in size, texture and growth rate. Some remain small and stable for months or years, whilst others grow quickly or become ulcerated. The significance of any individual lump cannot be determined by appearance alone. This page explores what mammary lumps can look and feel like, what determines whether a tumour is benign or malignant, how these growths are investigated and typed, and the range of approaches used to manage them. It also looks at factors that influence prognosis and the patterns seen in different types of tumour.

Mast Cell Tumours

Mast cell tumours are growths that arise from mast cells — immune cells normally involved in allergic responses and wound healing. In dogs they are among the most commonly diagnosed skin tumours, while in cats they are less frequent but tend to behave differently. They can appear as a single lump or nodule anywhere on the body, often on the trunk or limbs, and may look like almost anything: a small raised bump, a flat patch, a red swollen area, or a growth that changes size from day to day. Owners often notice a lump during grooming or after a minor knock, and the tumour may appear to fluctuate in size or become inflamed. Some mast cell tumours remain stable for months or years, while others grow quickly or ulcerate. The behaviour of an individual tumour can vary widely, and the appearance alone does not reliably indicate how it will act. This page explores what mast cell tumours may look like when first noticed, what is happening within the tissue, how they are investigated and graded, and the range of approaches used depending on location, grade, and the individual animal. The aim is to orient you to the possibilities, the questions that may arise, and the shape of the decisions that can follow.

Mast Cell Tumours in Dogs

A mast cell tumour is a growth that arises from mast cells — immune cells that normally live in the skin and other tissues, where they play a role in allergic responses and inflammation. In dogs, these tumours can appear as lumps or bumps on the skin, and they vary widely in how they look and how they behave. Some remain small and cause little trouble; others grow quickly, spread to other parts of the body, or release chemicals that cause signs elsewhere. Many owners notice a new lump during grooming, or find that an existing bump has changed in size, colour, or texture. Mast cell tumours can mimic benign growths, which is why a lump that looks unremarkable on the surface may still warrant closer attention. Some tumours ulcerate, itch, or swell intermittently, particularly if they are disturbed. This page explores what mast cell tumours can look like when they first appear, what drives their behaviour, how they are investigated and graded, and the range of approaches used to manage them — from surgery and radiation to drug therapy. The goal is to help you understand the landscape, not to predict what will happen in any individual case.

Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs

Mitral valve disease is a progressive change in the valve that sits between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. The valve leaflets thicken and lose their ability to seal properly, allowing blood to leak backwards with each heartbeat. This is one of the most common heart conditions seen in older dogs, particularly in smaller breeds. Many owners first become aware of mitral valve disease when a heart murmur is detected during a routine examination, often before the dog shows any outward signs. As the condition progresses, some dogs develop a cough, tire more easily during walks, or breathe more rapidly at rest. Others may live for years with valve changes that remain mild and cause no noticeable disruption. This page explores what mitral valve disease looks like across its spectrum, the signs that can develop as the heart adapts to the leaking valve, how the condition is monitored over time, and the range of approaches used to support dogs at different stages. The course is variable, and understanding the pattern in an individual dog tends to unfold gradually.

Nuclear Sclerosis

Nuclear sclerosis is a gradual change in the lens of the eye that occurs as dogs and cats age. The lens fibres at the centre become more densely packed over time, which can give the pupil a hazy, blue-grey appearance when light catches it at certain angles. This is a normal part of ageing, not a disease, and it does not cause blindness. Many owners first notice it when their older dog's or cat's eyes look cloudy, and wonder whether their pet is developing cataracts or losing vision. The appearance can be subtle or quite pronounced, and it tends to progress slowly over years. Animals with nuclear sclerosis typically navigate their environment without difficulty, though some may experience mild changes in how they focus on very close objects in later stages. This page explores what owners may observe, the structural changes occurring within the lens, how nuclear sclerosis is distinguished from other causes of cloudiness, and the ways it may or may not affect day-to-day function as pets age.

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma represents an aggressive bone cancer most commonly affecting the limbs of large and giant breed dogs, often presenting with progressive lameness.

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is a cancer that originates in bone tissue. In dogs, it tends to arise most often in the long bones of the limbs, though it can develop in other skeletal sites. It is an aggressive tumour that can spread to other parts of the body, most commonly the lungs. Owners often notice a persistent lameness that does not improve with rest, or swelling over a leg bone that may be firm and warm to the touch. The limb may become painful over time. These signs can appear suddenly or develop gradually, and the pattern can sometimes resemble a sprain or other orthopaedic injury at first glance. This page explores what an owner may observe, the processes happening within the bone and surrounding tissue, how osteosarcoma is identified through imaging and other tests, and the range of approaches that exist for managing it. The discussion includes both local control of the tumour and considerations around spread to distant sites.

Osteosarcoma in Dogs

Osteosarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone-forming cells, most often affecting the long bones of the legs in middle-aged to older dogs. It tends to grow quickly within the bone itself, causing pain and weakening the structure until fractures can occur with minimal force. Large and giant breeds are disproportionately affected, though the condition can appear in dogs of any size. Many owners first notice a subtle lameness that worsens over days to weeks, or they may feel a firm swelling over a limb. Because the early signs can resemble an injury or arthritis, the pattern often becomes clearer only as the discomfort persists or a limb becomes visibly enlarged. In some cases, a fracture through weakened bone is the first obvious sign. This page explores what osteosarcoma can look like in its early and later stages, what is happening inside the bone and elsewhere in the body, how the condition is investigated through imaging and sampling, and the range of approaches—surgical, medical, and supportive—that exist for managing it. The course and options vary considerably between individual dogs, shaped by factors including tumour location, spread, age, and temperament.

Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease describes progressive damage to the structures that anchor teeth in place — the gums, the ligament that holds each tooth in its socket, and the bone beneath. It begins when plaque, a soft film of bacteria and food debris, accumulates along the gum line and mineralises into tartar. Over time, the body's response to this bacterial presence can lead to inflammation, gum recession, loosening of teeth, and bone loss. Many owners first notice changes in breath odour, visible brown deposits on the teeth, or red, swollen gums. Some dogs and cats continue to eat normally even when disease is present; others may drop food, chew on one side, or show reluctance around hard items. Because the process often unfolds quietly, the extent of what is happening beneath the gum line may not match what is visible on the surface. This page explores what signals may prompt concern, the stages and mechanisms involved, how the condition is assessed, and the range of approaches used to address it at different points in its course.

Prostate Disease

The prostate is a small gland that sits near the bladder in male dogs, and as dogs age it tends to enlarge. This enlargement can be benign and symptom-free, or it can lead to difficulties with urination, defecation, or changes in gait. In some cases, infection or other changes within the gland may develop. Owners often notice straining to pass faeces, blood in the urine, or a stiff-legged walk. Sometimes there are no outward signs at all, and the change is found during examination for something else. The spectrum ranges from mild age-related change through to conditions that require more active management. This page explores what signs may appear, what processes can affect the prostate, how these are investigated, and the range of approaches that exist depending on what is found.

Sebaceous Cysts

A sebaceous cyst is a small, enclosed pocket that forms in or just beneath the skin, filled with an oily or waxy material produced by the skin's sebaceous glands. These lumps are typically benign and slow-growing, and many dogs and cats will develop one or more over their lifetime. The term is often used broadly to describe several types of skin cysts, though in veterinary medicine the most common are actually epidermoid cysts or follicular cysts, which have slightly different origins but behave similarly. Owners most often notice a firm, round lump under the skin that may remain the same size for months or years, or gradually enlarge. The cyst may feel movable, and occasionally a small pore or opening can be seen on the surface. Some cysts rupture spontaneously, releasing a thick, paste-like substance that can have a distinctive odour, which may prompt concern about infection or something more serious. This page explores what these lumps typically look like and feel like, what is happening beneath the surface, how they are distinguished from other skin masses, and the range of approaches that exist for managing them—including when observation alone may be appropriate and when removal might be considered.

Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Soft tissue sarcomas are a family of tumours that arise from the connective tissues beneath the skin — the structures that support, cushion and bind the body together. They can develop from fat, muscle, the sheaths around nerves, blood vessel walls or the fibrous tissue that separates organs. Most are noticed as a lump under the skin, often on a limb or the body wall, that may have been present for weeks or months before growing noticeably. These tumours tend to grow locally, expanding into surrounding tissue rather than spreading widely to other organs in the early stages. The lump may feel firm or soft, fixed or mobile, and size alone does not reliably indicate behaviour. Many owners arrive here wondering whether a lump that has appeared or changed is something to monitor, investigate or address, and what the timeframe for that decision looks like. This page explores what soft tissue sarcomas look like when they first appear, the signals that prompt investigation, how they are identified and assessed, and the range of approaches used to manage them. It also considers factors that influence outcome, including tumour type, location and grade, and what follow-up typically involves.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer that arises from the flat, scale-like cells that line surfaces — skin, mouth, nail beds, and other areas where this type of cell is found. It tends to begin as a small, persistent change in one location and grow locally over weeks to months, often appearing as a thickened patch, a non-healing sore, or an area that bleeds easily. In cats, it often appears on lightly pigmented skin exposed to sun; in dogs, it may appear on the skin, in the mouth, on the nail bed, or in other sites. Owners often notice a lump that does not resolve, a raw area that does not heal, a toenail that becomes swollen or falls away, or changes inside the mouth that make eating uncomfortable. The appearance varies depending on location, and early changes can be subtle or mistaken for infection or injury. This page explores what an owner may observe, what is happening at the tissue level, how the diagnosis is confirmed, and the range of approaches that may be considered depending on the site, the extent of local involvement, and whether spread has occurred.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma in cats commonly affects sun-exposed areas like the ears and nose, particularly in white-coated individuals, developing from precancerous changes to invasive cancer.

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common bladder cancer in dogs, arising from the cells lining the urinary tract, typically occurring in older dogs and causing urinary signs that can initially resemble infection or other bladder conditions.